Climate - A major cause of food insecurity, posing a significant threat to the productivity of crops like wheat, barley, maize, and potatoes.

Soil Quality - Poor soil limits the availability of essential nutrients, hindering plant growth.

Genetics - Different plant genetics determine traits such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and growth patterns.

Pests and Diseases - These directly damage plant tissues, reducing yield and weakening plants, making them more susceptible to stressors.

Agricultural Practices - Proper soil management enhances fertility and structure, contributing to better crop yields.