India holds the title of being the largest producer of turmeric globally. It serves as a primary producer and exporter of turmeric, which finds extensive use both as a spice and in medicinal applications. Turmeric cultivation is widespread across several states in India, including Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Karnataka, West Bengal, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, and Assam. Notably, Andhra Pradesh alone contributes to 38% of the total turmeric cultivation area and 58.5% of production. Furthermore, India accounts for 60% of the world's turmeric exports, highlighting its significant presence in global trade. Turmeric also occupies a prominent position in Indian cuisine.
Turmeric thrives in tropical regions at elevations of up to 1500 meters above sea level. Cultivation is feasible in areas with an annual rainfall of 1500 mm or more and temperatures ranging between 25-35°C. While turmeric can adapt to various soil types, it performs optimally in sandy loam or clay loam soil with a pH value of 6.0-7.5. Adequate drainage, particularly in sandy loam or clay loam soil, is crucial for maximizing yields.
Effective soil preparation is vital before sowing turmeric, especially during the early stages of weather conditions. This involves 3 to 4 deep plowings followed by thorough mixing of the soil. Ideal bed dimensions include a height of 12-15 centimeters and a width of 1 meter. During planting, maintain a distance of 8 cm between two rhizomes, with beds spaced 45 centimeters apart.
Sugandham: This variety matures in approximately 210 days, characterized by long and light-yellow rhizomes. It typically yields around 80 to 100 quintals per acre.
In addition to these varieties, several advanced strains like Suguna, Coimbatore, Krishna, ARH 9/90, BSR 1, and Pant Pitambar are available. For those prioritizing high yield and disease resistance, the Pratibha variety, selected by the Indian Institute of Spices Research, serves as a promising option.
Planting Turmeric Seeds: Turmeric seeds are typically sown during May-June. They are usually placed beneath moist soil and allowed to sprout before being planted. The optimal planting time may vary slightly depending on the region, often occurring shortly after the pre-monsoon showers. For instance, in Kerala, planting usually occurs around April, while in certain regions of Maharashtra and Karnataka, it's around May.
Seed Preparation for Turmeric Cultivation: To ensure optimal growth, turmeric requires significant fertilization. Before planting, the rhizomes are covered with composted cow dung. Additionally, they can be coated with a mixture of neem powder and soil. Prepared pits with neem cake powder mixed into the soil are used for planting. Approximately 800-1000 kg of rhizomes are required per acre for planting.
Fertilizer for Turmeric Plants: In organic farming, cow dung can be applied as a basal dose to protect turmeric plants from pests and diseases. In conventional farming, a mixture of potassium and phosphorus is often used as a basal dose. Around 115 days after planting, apply 120 kg of nitrogen per hectare.
Pest and Disease Management in Turmeric Crop:
Harvesting Turmeric: A well-managed turmeric crop is typically ready for harvesting in about 8 to 9 months. Depending on the variety and planting time, harvesting generally takes place between January and March. After maturity, the leaves dry up, and the rhizomes develop a light brownish-yellow color.
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